History
chap 4.
- humanism
Humanism is the philosophy and educational movement (focusing on grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and ethics) that fuelled changes such as the Renaissance
Renaissance is the expression of humanism in art and sciences
the main occupation of humanists
- translation Greek manuscripts which shows the importance of antique ideas
1.1 humanist ambitions
beliefs of humanists →
- It is said that humans were given freedom, which allows them to decide who they want to be and what they want to do. That's also called freewill. It is also said that intelligence will push you to the highest forms of life. So, the focus is set on education, knowledge.
- This shows that humanists believe that only a well educated man can think freely. They praise knowledge and free will.
the fields a man has to master to be accomplished →
- ARTS - SPORT - LANGUAGES - HISTORY - LITERATURE
- ex. literature, latin and greek, poets, orators, historians, learn to write in verse and prose, knowing several foreign languages (spanish and french especially), swim, jump, run and throw stones, musician, play various instruments, the science of drawing and the art of painting
1.2 how their ideas reached europe
→ The fact that we could print more books in less time made them cheaper and affordable, so more people could access it.
Extra info
- A printing workshop could produce about 180 sheets per hour
- A copyist could write about 100 lines per day
- The invention of printing was based on three techniques:
- Adapting the principle of the press.
- Mastering the manufacture of less fluid ink.
- In the mid-15th century Johannes Gutenberg printed the first book: a monumental Bible.
- Mastering movable lead type.
1.3 how it affected science
what method does Descartes defend
- we need to study → fire, water, air, metals, stars, ... to observe the world around us to understand it
what is the position of leonardo da vinci on how to create knowledge
- we need to experiment a lot
What changes were brought by the new paradigm?
- it is no longer planet earth the center of our universe but the sun
Renaissance
2.1 why a renaissance
What are the transformations that led to the Renaissance?
- The fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks (1453)
- The remains of Greek and Roman architecture are being rediscovered
2.2 paintings in Italy
| Middle Ages paintings | Renaissance paintings | |
|---|---|---|
| Pictures number | 1,3,4,7 | 2,5,6,8 |
| Characteristics discovered (theme, painting techniques) | - we have perspective, lot of details, good proportions!<br>- celebration of human body, mythological themes |
2.3 painting in Flanders
What led to the promotion of art?
- The wealth of the Flemish cities of Antwerp, Bruges, and Ghent enabled the bourgeoisie, princes, and religious communities to become patrons of painters.
observations →
- painters started representing themselves in their own artwork
- signing their paintings (autoportrait)
The Ages of Explorations
- south/north america, asia, atlantic, pacific and indian ocean → explored by europeans during this period
3.1 reasons to go explore the world
god
- a wish to know the land that lay beyond the isles of Canary and that Cape called Bojador.
- to bring to him all the souls that should be saved
gold
- many kinds of merchandise might be brought to this realm, and also the products of this realm might be taken there, which traffic would bring great profit to our countrymen.
glory
- to make it known determinately how far the power of those infidels extended
- they would aid him against those enemies of the faith
4. Interests overlapped
Treaty of Tordesillas → draw a line that would define whose kingdom owns territory newly found.
concept of colonisation
- Colonisation is when people from one place settle in and take control of another territory where different people already live.
| Process | |
|---|---|
| ☐ varying in duration, | |
| ☐ more or less peaceful, more or less violent... | |
| Intentional: the motives | ☐ demographic, |
| ☐ economic, | |
| ☐ ideological and/or religious, | |
| ☐ political, | |
| ☐ strategic... | |
| Human occupation | ☐ extent of settlement, |
| ☐ ideological/religious domination, | |
| ☐ political domination/strategic interest, | |
| ☐ economic development, | |
| ☐ human works... | |
| Of a territory | The colonised territory may vary according to: |
| ☐ the size of the populations, | |
| ☐ its location: internal or external, close or distant... | |
| By people foreign to the colonised territory and of a common origin | Colonisers vary according to: |
| ☐ their geographical origin: they may come from | |
| a city, a state or a continent, | |
| ☐ their social origin... |
5.1 Economic consequences
What are the consequences of colonisation
- a prodigious quantity of new plants: nearly 10,000 in total, including 2,000 with medicinal use (and also tomato, chocolate)
5.1 social consequences
- the population of Native America crashed after the colonization of their land
- social consequence → slavery
how were slaves treated ?
- badly, they had handcuffs, people walked over them, they were given unsuitable food...
6. conclusion
- The discoveries helped Spain and Portugal become more powerful.
- They changed trade routes.
- More wealth in Europe made food prices rise.
- Spain used its wealth to build a strong army and stay powerful until the mid-1600s.
- Europeans met new civilizations and changed their way of thinking.
- They discovered new plants and animals.
- They saw new stars in the Southern Hemisphere.
- These discoveries challenged old beliefs and theories.
- Humans became more important in ideas and culture.
- This reflected the spirit of the Renaissance.
7. Religious reforms
7.1 cause of reformation
- paying church taxes to Rome.
- its leaders were corrupt.
- Some rules challenged the political power of the Church.
- Many priests and monks were poorly educated and didn't follow their religious vows.
- People expected higher standards of conduct from priests and Church leaders.
- The selling of indulgences made people believe they could buy their way into heaven.
Different reforms
→ How does the Catholic Church react to the various reforms in europe? :
- They strengthen the rules.
- The priests had to remain chaste and quit drinking.
- They said that the authority of the bible was fiable.
- The bible a
Religious Beliefs and Practices in the 16th Century
| Roman Catholicism | Lutheranism | Calvinism | Anglicanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leadership | Pope is head of the Church | Ministers lead congregations | Council of elders govern each church |
| Salvation | Salvation by faith and good works | Salvation by faith alone | God has predetermined who will be saved |
| Bible | Church and Bible tradition are sources of revealed truth | Bible is sole source of revealed truth | Bible is sole source of revealed truth |
| Worship Service | Worship service based on ritual | Worship service focused on preaching and ritual | Worship service focused on preaching |
| Interpretation of Beliefs | Priests interpret Bible and Church teachings for believers | Believers interpret the Bible for themselves | Believers interpret the Bible for themselves |
chap 5.
1. focus on France
1.1 ancien régime society : society of order
→ 2 men standing on a stone crushing one under.
→ The stone represents the taxes and chores that overwhelm the peasant. = UNEVEN SOCIETY
how were memberships determined
- due to family origin, blood or birth
how was social mobility in the society
- immobile society (the passage from an estate to another is very difficult)
major issue
- Each class doesn't have the same duties & rights. There is a lot of inequality.
| name of social class+ description | privilege(s) | duties |
|---|---|---|
| nobility | - don't pay taxes<br>- hold public positions<br>- have their own justice | none |
| clergy | = | none |
| ordinary people | none (no political power) | - have to pay taxes<br>- have to work |
ancien régime society →
why was agriculture a key stake of the ancien régime
- 80% of the population was dedicated to the cultivation of the fields. They were farmers. There was a famine as the production was low and was vulnerable to pests & climate.
what does Louis XIV refer to when writing "..."
- the Frondes
1.3 power in france under louis XIV
what is the absolute monarchy of divine rights
- all power of the king. full control over all aspects of power to the king. use of religion to justify his unlimited power.
→ the king had different council somewhere central and other regionals but Its the king himself who appointed every members
1.2 society
→ The Ancien Régime was the political and social system used in France from the Middle Ages until 1789.
Structure:
- Clergy (Oratores – those who pray)
- Nobility (Bellatores – those who fight)
- Third Estate (Laborates – those who work)
THE BOURGEOISIE
Includes lawyers, doctors, bankers, merchants
Frustration: No political power
WORKING CLASS – ARTISANS AND PEASANTS
Artisans: Skilled workers, long hours
Peasants: 84% of population, heavy taxes
Urban Poor: Precarious lives, affected by bread prices
2. Focus on England
2.1 parliamentarism
SUMMARY – PRIVILEGE VS. BURDEN
-
Clergy: Privilege - Tithe | Duty - Charity
-
Nobility: Privilege - Tax exemption | Duty - Defense
-
Third Estate: No privilege | Duty - Pay taxes
-
Conclusion: Inequality led to collapse in 1789
1.4 authoritarianism
voir p. 9
2. Focus on England
2.1 parliamentarism
chap 5.
- In England, the king's power was limited and shared with the lords and the people. Unlike France, where the king had absolute power.
- the french's king power isn't legitimate because unlimited
- The system was different. They believed that gratitude was the only bound between people, they didn't believe in unlimited but in the separation of powers and the representations of all social classes in the Corps in charge of laws. furthermore, they fought to limit their king's power when he wanted to horn
the magna carta:
the right of the church to be free from governmental interference, the rights of all free citizens to own and inherit property, and to be protected from excessive taxes
petition of rights (1628)
1- no taxes may be levied without consent of Parliament
2- no subject may be imprisoned without cause shown
3- no soldiers may be quartered upon the citizenry
4- martial law may not be used in time of peace
democracy
voir p. 12